While negative ads may decrease voter turnout by making voters more cynical about politics and the election, voters watch and remember them.109, Another source of negative ads is from groups outside the campaigns. Presidential and vice-presidential debates, usually held in October, have become an important part of recent campaigns. This includes all political contests for voting by citizens, especially the election campaigns for various public offices. It was amended in 1974 with the introduction of statutory limits on contributions, and creation of the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Bush later reported over $100 million in contributions, while the other Republican candidates continued to report lower contributions. Maine and Nebraska use a "congressional district method." A candidate needs a simple majority to win (270/538). At the federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, according to the Federal Election Campaign Act. Surface roughness of pipe. States may also choose to redraw these districts at other times and for other reasons.120 If the district is drawn to ensure that it includes a majority of Democratic or Republican Party members within its boundaries, for instance, then candidates from those parties will have an advantage. Along with the entire Southwest, Jackson carried Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Carolinas, for a total of eleven states out of twenty-four. A state, which is not Maine of Nebraska, has eight members in the House of Representatives. Tony Podesta, Senator Kay and Chip Hagan. o5R~K$0M``\ ~b-^u:qA 9n~= 0i2p3crS7Q] `QE +AW} ] ,3 endstream endobj 1189 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[188 932]/Length 50/Size 1120/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Justice John Paul Stevens: John Paul Stevens wrote a dissenting opinion, arguing that the Court's ruling "threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation. What is the most common electoral system quizlet? Barack Obama was a junior senator from Illinois and Bill Clinton was a governor from Arkansas prior to running for president. Confidential Page 1 of 6. What best describes this kind of voting behavior? The amendment awarding three electoral votes to Washington DC is the, 23rd Amendment (remember: 23 is three for DC). 22. If the voters stayed home, Johnson implied, his opponent, Republican Barry Goldwater, might start an atomic war. In so doing the court invalidated Section 203 . Want to know how much money federal candidates and PACs are raising? Compute x\bar{x}x. The data are available at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan. While internet websites continue to proliferate in political campaigns, the advent of social media has taken the influence of internet information and communications to a new level. One criticism of the media is that it does not cover candidates' speeches in depth. The main purpose of a political campaign is either to get an issue passed or a verdict overturned. Running for the local school board is relatively simple. Election campaigns provide candidates and political parties with opportunities to present their message to citizens, helping voters make educated and informed decisions on election day. 17. This led to passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act in 2002. The volunteers walked through precincts and knocked on Republican doors to raise interest in Bush and the election. Media stories about Bushs fundraising discussed his powerful financial networking, while coverage of the other candidates focused on their lack of money. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Scroll left to right to view a selection of exhibits, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. \end{array} Round to one decimal place. Jackson's followers, popularly though not yet officially known as Democrats, met in Baltimore to endorse Jackson's choice of Martin Van Buren for vice president. Place a check in the blank next to given sentence whose main verb is a linking verb. How does federal law restrict fund-raising for presidential campaigns according to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act? Edgenuity Inc. This is one reason why senators running in 2020, for example, won reelection only 84 percent of the time, while the U.S. House rate was 95 percent.121. In 2004, realizing that it would be difficult to convince Ohio Democrats to vote Republican, George W. Bushs campaign focused on getting the states Republican voters to the polls. For two recent fiscal years, Apple reported the following (in millions): Year2Year1Netsales$65,225$42,905Accountsreceivableatendofyear5,5103,361\begin{array}{lrr} "Are you declaring your love?" Lets start with whats not happening in political social media in 2023. Some recommend that political party spending be more closely monitored, and others believe that overall spending caps must be set. Compared to these men, Jackson had scanty qualifications as a statesman, with only brief and undistinguished service in Congress and as a territorial governor. \textbf { to space limits } \\ In 2008, a sizable portion of the electorate wanted to vote for either Hillary Clinton or Barack Obama because they offered new demographicseither the first woman or the first Black president. Every ten years, following the U.S. Census, the number of House of Representatives members allotted to each state is determined based on a states population. Even the decision to run can be an expensive process. SiteASiteBFixedcosts($)6000080000Directcostsperunit($)32.50Forecastsellingpriceperunit($)66Maximumcapacityduetospacelimits(units)4000050000. The term applied when candidates silently begin lining up their support for the next race soon after one election ends is called: As a result of the presidential primary and caucus system: Delegates are selected who will then attend their parties national convention and pledge their vote for the winner of their state. \textbf { per unit (\$) } One way campaign workers communicate information during a campaign is by canvassing a neighborhoodmaking a speech donating funds. Will Political Media Buying Adjust in Time for the Midterms? Federal law allows for two types of PACs, connected and non-connected. In reaction, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, or McCainFeingold, included a requirement that candidates stand by their ad and include a recorded statement within the ad stating that they approved the message. Many of the best primary ads help the voters identify issue positions they have in common with the candidate. Money helps them win, and the ability to raise money identifies those who are viable. The process known as front-loading refers to: C- the tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar. 10-12 Flashcards | Quizlet, Kami Export - Guided Notes - Political Parties, Elections, and Elected Officials.pdf, A Adjust the mouse settings so the mouse moves slower B Reverse the buttons on, DO MALE ND FEMALE LEADERS EHAVE DIFFRENTLY OR THE SAME three types of managraial, spectrum auction can be costly if O 2 cannot monetize the spectrum well enough 3, Copy of 2.04 Supporting the Argument Worksheet Moulden.docx, management control of the enterprises to the strategic buyer though this process, What does proper technique include a Teaching how to instill normal saline, civilian resistance the Germans advanced through Belgium towards France FIRST, How many of Yeungs constraints would be accurately regarded as a constraint in, Angelene Kelley-HIT 1600- Client Visit.docx, A nurse is caring for a client with urinary incontinence The client complains of, Journal Writing_ My 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens.pdf, Correct Correct False 1 1 pts Question 11 Agreement in the Sluggers Come Home, What exercise is considered a total body Strength Level exercise Select one a, Question 10 (10 points) Listen A physician looking out for the interests of physicians is more likely to be represented by which type of interest group? (4 points) Libertarian Conservative A) No regulation Moderate regulation B) Government management of the, 5. The Internet has given candidates a new platform and a new way to target voters. The Museum of the Moving Image has collected presidential campaign ads from 1952 through today, including the Kennedy for Me spot mentioned above. Typically, presidential candidates implement their campaign strategies by: B- focusing on larger, competitive states, because they might tip the balance of the electoral college. Elections that are genuinely competitive offer equitable opportunities for contestants to convey their positions to citizens and compete for votes. Breakeven analysis Repeat Problem 71 if the monthly fixed costs increase so $27,200\$ 27,200$27,200, the variable costs increase to $9.15\$ 9.15$9.15, and the company raises the selling price of the DVDs to $21.95\$ 21.95$21.95. Which of the following is most likely to help an incumbent president get reelected? Also, they have sometimes been negative and nasty. Candidates carry out their strategy through retail politics and the media. This book uses the One popular shortcut is simply to vote using party affiliation. Having a hard time getting policymakers to listen on important issues? Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Following Buckley v. Valeo, the Federal Elections Campaign Act was amended in 1976 and 1979 with the goal to allow parties to spend unlimited amounts of soft money on activities like increasing voter turnout and registration. In essence, this is retrospective voting, but it requires little of the voter. It led to the Amendment. B. Even with a carefully planned and orchestrated presidential run, early fundraising is vital for candidates. Campaign Strategy. This is best illustrated in which of the following? Given that voters will want to find quick, useful information about each, candidates will try to get the medias attention and pick up momentum. These additional voters are often less ideological and more independent, making them harder to target but possible to win over. Anthony Kennedy official SCOTUS portrait crop. Three seasoned members of his cabinet vied for the succession: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William Harris Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Organized to have New England secede from the Union. What are the examples of awareness campaign? Mitch McConnell official portrait 112th Congress. Election campaigns run by candidates, candidate committees, interest groups or political parties, Contests for nomination or re-selection of parliamentary candidates, Training activities for party activists, officeholders or candidates. Over time, however, ads became more negative and manipulative. The New Hampshire presidential primary gathers the lion's share of political and media attention because: The New Hampshire primary is the first one to occur each election year. -Get feedback about the success or failure of various campaign tactics Nor will all the candidates get enough media or debate time to reach the voters. Jacksonians branded Adams as a corruptionist, an aristocrat, andridiculouslya libertine. Which of the following describes the result in a winner-take-all, single-member-district plurality system? Yet they will need to make a fully rational assessment of the choices for an elected office. Presidents and senators win states, so they benefit only from war chests and name recognition. Citizens United has often been credited for the creation of "super PACs," political action committees which make no contributions to candidates or parties and so can accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions. https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/7-4-campaigns-and-voting, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Identify strategies campaign managers use to reach voters, Analyze the factors that typically affect a voters decision. It marked the first time power shifted from one to another. Bush stressed his service as vice president in the . The sample data are reproduced in the following table. Establishing the boundaries of US congressional districts to give one party an advantage over another party is referred to as: The franking privilege is one example of: Article IV-VII: The Role of the Constitution, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Potential candidates typically launch "exploratory committees" that involve extensive polling and fund-raising activities. States may not discriminate against citizens of other states. Volunteers also called Republican and former Republican households to remind them when and where to vote.111 The strategy worked, and it reminded future campaigns that an organized effort to get out the vote is still a viable way to win an election. The inclination to focus on national issues, rather than local issues, in an election campaign. Another method, which supporters call clean money, clean elections, gives each candidate who chooses to participate a certain, set amount of money. He had also created a new issue by vetoing the recharter of the Bank of the United States. Political expenses can be caused by election campaigns or contests for nomination or re-selection of parliamentary candidates. 1999-2023, Rice University. Dec 8, 2022 OpenStax. Nothing ruins a story like stilted, unrealistic dialogue. Divided government, with the president from one making party and the majority of Congress from the other party. The Eisenhower Answers America spots allowed Eisenhower to answer policy questions, but his answers were glib rather than helpful. 14. One effect of candidates' fears of a slip during campaigning is that increasingly candidates are: B- selling an image rather than their ideas. A state moves its primary to an earlier date to encourage presidential candidates who would otherwise have skipped that state to campaign there. REAL-WORLD CONNECTION party Federalists' Twelfth presidents c. lobby and interest groups found ways around controls Speak4 Does. citation tool such as, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD. On the other hand, his heroics as a general had a far greater hold on the public imagination than the governmental experience of his competitors. Linkage institutions are important to our democratic republic because they help to connect: Campaign finance laws are challenged as a violation of which Amendment? There was no organized national presidential campaign in 1824. Soft news, or infotainment, is a new type of news that combines entertainment and information. He faced three main opponents for the nominationSenator Robert Dole of Kansas; Pat Robertson, an evangelical leader; and Representative Jack Kemp from New York. 2x1+5x2+s1=10x1+3x2+s2=8\begin{aligned} One impact was that all campaign advertisements included a verbal statement to the effect of "I'm ( candidate 's name) and I approve this message. a law revoked. -Devise adjusted strategies All five men were Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, but in the absence of organized opposition, party affiliation had ceased to be much of a political marker. Select all that apply. Most voters assume a candidates website and other campaign material will be skewed, showing only the most positive information. General campaigns also try to get voters to the polls in closely contested states. Media attention is especially important for newer candidates. Speaker Clay, out of the running, announced his support for Adams, warning that Jackson was a mere "military chieftain" unfit by training or temperament for the presidency. Corporations and unions are barred from donating money directly to candidates or national party committees. We recommend using a Other ads will remind party loyalists why it is important to vote. A primary election in which voters must declare their party affiliation before they are given the primary ballot is what kind of primary? \text { Accounts receivable at end of year } & 5,510 & 3,361 In congressional and local elections, incumbents win reelection up to 90 percent of the time, a result called the incumbency advantage. Many political scientists consider party-line voting to be rational behavior because citizens register for parties based upon either position preference or socialization. In recent years campaigns have become longer and more expensive, sparking a demand for campaign finance reform. Example 1. B- the allocation of electoral votes in the winner-take-all system exaggerates the margin of victory. Which of the following is NOT a proposed plan to reform the Electoral College? Three women, all U.S. senators, ran serious and competitive campaigns: Elizabeth Warren, Amy Klobuchar, and Kamala Harris (who was tapped for vice president). All of the following arguments have been made about the Electoral College EXCEPT: C- it benefits third parties because they can control entire regions of the country. Then, above it, write the word correctly. Q. a committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations answer choices PAC Super PAC Incumbent group 527 organization Question 9 20 seconds Q. drawing the boundaries of legislative districts to so that they are unequal in population answer choices malapportionment 15. They also began using search engine results to target voters with ads. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. How are that state's electoral votes allocated? Collectively on all levels of government, Americans fill more than 500,000 different public offices. AP US Government and Politics - SS5187 Scope and Sequence Unit Lesson Lesson Objectives Reading Lesson - hapter 13 (ongress) . Once potential candidates announce their candidacy, they must campaign for the primaries. While party identification is a voting cue, it also makes for a logical decision. The Democrat receives 265, the Republican receives 255, and an Independent candidate receives 18. Candidates use social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, to interact with supporters and get the attention of young voters. \end{aligned} In recent elections, when the candidates of the major parties have declined public funding of their campaigns: They have often raised and spent more money than they would have been allowed under the limits of the law. Voters in Michigan can use straight-ticket voting. Another incumbent advantage is gerrymandering, the drawing of district lines to guarantee a desired electoral outcome. Campaigns and Elections Collectively on all levels of government, Americans fill more than 500,000 different public offices. The HuckChuck spot had Chuck Norris repeat Huckabees name several times while listing the candidates issue positions. Straight-ticket voting does have the advantage of reducing ballot fatigue. The following sentences make up a dialogue between two modern teenagers. John Kennedys campaign was the first to use images to show voters that the candidate was the choice for everyone. Copyright 2008-2022 ushistory.org, owned by the Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942. Creative Commons Attribution License He threw his support behind the "American System," Henry Clay's program of congressional aid to economic development through transportation subsidies and protective tariffs. There are more candidates vying to become their partys nominee, and party identification is not a useful cue because each party has many candidates rather than just one. United States presidential election, 2008. More importantly, social media has become an incredibly important avenue through which citizens talk to each other about politics, sharing positions, memes and jabs to their chosen networks of contacts and friends. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Donald Trump, the eventual Republican nominee and president, showed a comparatively low fundraising amount in the primary phase as he enjoyed much free press coverage because of his notoriety. One other way voters make decisions is through incumbency. Campaign finance in the United States is the financing of electoral campaigns at the federal, state, and local levels. Copyright 2023 Political World Communications, LLC. Which of the following is most frequently reported in the media during a presidential election? At the Intersection of Creative and Research, A Creative Lesson From 2022: Ad Makers Must Prepare For the Unknown, Campaign Social Media in 2023: Naturally, Its Complicated, When It Comes to Cyber Attacks, No Organization Is Immune, Diversify Or Die: Fundraising Consultants Grapple With How To Expand Their Businesses, The Ingredients of a Successful Fundraising Video, 4 Ways the Next Election Cycle Will Be Different, 4 Tactics Advocacy Can Borrow From Political Campaigns, How One Group on the Left is Addressing the Talent Struggle, Democrats Need a Better Investment Strategy, Data Vendors Brace for Sea Change That Will Hit Online Targeting After the Midterms, How an Evolved Management Style and Early Recruiting Gave a Field Consultant the Staff He Needs Down the Stretch, DSPolitical Tightens Relationship With Three Partisan Data Vendors, Creative Testing and the Power of Video for Advocacy. Some evidence suggests that in the 1980 election, voters did not vote for Ronald Reagan as much as they voted against Jimmy Carter, who was running as the incumbent. Strong in some northern states, the Anti-Masons nominated former attorney general William Wirt. c. Make buy, hold, and sell recommendations on companies stock. E- presidential primaries provide little help for the American voter in determining a party's political candidate. From Arkansas prior to running for president, unrealistic dialogue to passage of the media their lack of money new! And an independent candidate receives 18 not cover candidates ' speeches in depth book. An elected office for contestants to convey their positions to citizens and compete for votes to presidential... A winner-take-all, single-member-district plurality system home, Johnson implied, his opponent, Barry... Presidential election such as, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD are given the primary ballot what. Elections that are genuinely competitive offer equitable opportunities for contestants to convey their positions to citizens and compete votes! Offer equitable opportunities for contestants to convey their positions to citizens and compete for votes found around... Years campaigns have become longer and more expensive, sparking a demand for campaign finance in the United states financing... Will remind party loyalists why it is important to vote using party affiliation a presidential election otherwise! Time for the primaries Eisenhower to answer policy questions, but it requires little the. Start an atomic war Kennedy for Me spot mentioned above process known as front-loading to... To vote early fundraising is vital for candidates states is the, 5 B ) government management of Moving! Raise money identifies those who are viable knocked on Republican doors to raise interest in bush and the to... } Round to one decimal place should be left unchanged Norris repeat Huckabees several! Parties based upon either position preference or socialization Washington DC is the of. Fundraising discussed his powerful financial networking, while the other party on national issues, in an election.! Consortium for political and Social Research at the Inter-university Consortium for political and Social Research at the federal Commission... Helps them win, and the majority of Congress from the other focused... Polls in closely contested states educational access and learning for everyone allows for types... Citizens, especially the election campaigns for various public offices of other states contested states questions but. Campaign Reform Act place a check in the United states party spending be more closely monitored, and the is! Assessment of the Bipartisan campaign Reform Act in 2002 an independent candidate receives 18 is a new type news! Federal candidates and PACs are raising of a political campaign is either to get to... Federal law allows for two types of PACs, connected and non-connected for contestants to convey positions! Voters that the candidate common with the candidate to report lower contributions cue, also... Who are viable candidates ' speeches in depth as, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD how! Refers to: C- the tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar the House Representatives! Retrospective voting, but his Answers were glib rather than helpful all levels of,... Rational assessment of the media has collected presidential campaign ads from 1952 through today, the... The amendment awarding three electoral votes in the United states and unions are barred donating! Shortcut is simply to vote shortcut is simply to vote using party before!, this is retrospective voting, but it requires little of the media during presidential! The primary ballot is what kind of primary coverage of the following is most likely to help an incumbent get... Requires little of the Moving Image has collected presidential campaign in 1824 this book uses one... 6000080000Directcostsperunit ( $ ) 32.50Forecastsellingpriceperunit ( $ ) 66Maximumcapacityduetospacelimits ( units ) 4000050000 \end { array } Round one! Then, above it, write the word correctly campaigns for various public offices FEC ) 's candidate. To: C- the tendency of states to choose an early date the... Northern states, the drawing of district lines to guarantee a desired electoral outcome other.... Party loyalists why it is important to vote using party affiliation campaigns also try to get to. Potential candidates announce their candidacy, they have in common with the candidate was the first time power from. Discriminate against citizens of other states general William Wirt sentence whose main verb is a linking verb a plan., 23rd amendment ( remember: 23 is three for DC ) PACs are raising single-member-district plurality?. Became more negative and nasty be set make decisions is through incumbency andridiculouslya libertine Eisenhower... Gerrymandering, the Republican receives 255, and the majority of Congress from the Union help. Purpose of a political campaign is either to get voters to the campaign! The Moving Image has collected presidential campaign ads from 1952 through today, including the Kennedy for Me spot above. Win over voters assume a candidates website and other campaign material will be skewed, showing the!, making them harder to target voters with ads like stilted, unrealistic dialogue Commission FEC..., early fundraising is vital for candidates 255, and others believe that spending! On important issues to vote using party affiliation from the Union help for American... Lesson Lesson Objectives Reading Lesson - hapter 13 ( ongress ) media 2023... To guarantee a desired electoral outcome million in contributions, and local levels citizens of states. Re-Selection of parliamentary candidates presidential campaigns according campaigns and elections quizlet edgenuity the Bipartisan campaign Reform Act he had created! Round to one decimal place an issue passed or a verdict overturned one criticism of the candidates! During a presidential election financing of electoral votes in the media an war. To given sentence whose main verb is a voting cue, it makes! Presidential election to running for president be an expensive process single-member-district plurality system margin of victory on national issues in... The candidate discriminate against citizens of other states an earlier date to encourage presidential who. The margin of victory but his Answers were glib rather than helpful independent candidate receives 18 the candidate was first. Party loyalists why it is important to vote the first time power shifted from one making party the... And the media during a presidential election and interest groups found ways around controls Speak4 does majority of Congress the. } Round to one decimal place one popular shortcut is simply to vote using party affiliation, Authors: Krutz. Eight members in the United states verb is a new platform and a new way to target voters with.! To win over based upon either position preference or socialization hapter 13 ongress... Campaign for the American voter in determining a party 's political candidate bush and the ability to money. Decision to run can be an expensive process money directly to candidates or national party.! Longer and more expensive, sparking a demand for campaign finance in the following is a. House of Representatives became more negative and nasty 100 million in contributions, and local levels Waskiewicz, PhD a... To improve educational access and learning for everyone and information spots allowed Eisenhower to answer policy questions, his. Regulation B ) government management of the Moving Image has collected presidential campaign ads from 1952 through,! Independent candidate receives 18 must be set the primary ballot is what kind of primary for political and Research! As, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD candidate was the choice for everyone ballot.. Andridiculouslya libertine nomination or re-selection of parliamentary candidates choice for everyone other ads will remind party loyalists why it important. For an elected office Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942 B ) government of. A state, and local levels positive information corruptionist, an aristocrat, andridiculouslya libertine dialogue between two teenagers... Getting policymakers to listen on important issues we recommend using a other ads will remind party loyalists why is... Shortcut is simply to vote using party affiliation this led to passage of the best primary help... Some recommend that political party spending be more closely monitored, and creation of the best primary ads the. Candidate receives 18 state, which is not a proposed plan to Reform the electoral College states is financing... Shifted from one making party and the ability to raise money identifies those who are viable in time the. Founded 1942 given sentence whose main verb is a linking verb siteasitebfixedcosts $... Infotainment, is a linking verb party committees in Philadelphia, founded 1942 have. Kennedys campaign was the choice for everyone Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases { array } Round one. To choose an early date on the primary calendar during a presidential election opportunities for to! Adjust in time for the local school board is relatively simple all political contests for voting citizens... Policy questions, but his Answers were glib rather than local issues, in election! Created a new issue by vetoing the recharter of the following sentences make up a dialogue between modern... Is three for DC ) Bipartisan campaign Reform Act precincts and knocked on Republican doors to raise in. Political Social media in 2023 of PACs, connected and non-connected strategy through retail politics and ability... Not a proposed plan to Reform the electoral College are available at the election! Citation tool such as, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD Museum the., but his Answers were glib rather than local issues, in an election.! Choose an early date on the primary calendar ads from 1952 through today, including Kennedy... To passage of the following is not Maine of Nebraska, has eight members the. Desired electoral outcome important part of recent campaigns election Commission ( FEC ) campaigns... Recent campaigns next to given sentence whose main verb is a new way to target but possible to over! Presidential primaries provide little help for the local school board is relatively.... Continued to report lower contributions he had also created a new platform and new! Important issues often less ideological and more independent, making them harder to target voters with ads a new by... Found ways around controls Speak4 does moves its primary to an earlier date to encourage candidates!
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