The Jersey, Alderney, and Guernsey CowAn old book in the public domain. Three-breed systems, at equilibrium, maintain 86 percent of full heterosis and can reduce large differences from one generation to the next in rate of maturity, mature body size, milk components, and associated nutritional requirements that some two-breed rotational systems may create. ; Betbeze C M, Villers M R, Telle M R & Grissett G P (2021) Surgical correction of cicatricial entropion in cattle: two cases.Clin Case Rep 9 (3), 1299-1303 PubMed Wiley. The direct method selects cows having the best expression of the trait to be improved. Planned breeding programs yield the best results when the breeder considers the production and other trait characteristics in individual cows and how they can be passed on to offspring. She is an excellent mother, not only will she feed her calf so well that high weaning weights are attainable, but she guards against predators, and will never allow her calf to get lost in the bush. 11. We know less than we need to know about some of the breeds in Table 1 for these characteristics, but we are learning fast as first crosses of Normande, Montebeliarde, and the Scandinavian breeds appear in U.S. dairy herds. if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }. The hump is well defined and thoracic; it is larger in the male than in the female. Milk has high butter-fat of 4.8% Even under harsh conditions the Boran cow will continue to breed and rear calves and do this without punishing herself. 2. Higher growth rate (also related to good nutrition), 7. Only suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder availability. Some weaknesses include having a low heat tolerance and low Gicheha Farm, PO Box 236 Ruiru. 3. Description: WebTraditionally the breed is a good grazer, able to produce on quality pastures, hardy, adaptable to a variety of climates and conditions, and easy to manage. For traits displaying a lot of hybrid vigor, backcross performance may decline, depending on additive breed merit of the pure breeds involved. 10. [3]:192 It has been suggested that the Guernsey derives from cattle imported from the French mainland brindled cattle from Normandy, and wheaten stock similar to the Froment du Lon of Brittany. Crossbreeding programs are long-term decisions. Better milk composition (depends on your market), 5. 2. SEE ARTICLE .PDF. Livestock farming involves the rearing of animals for food and other human uses, such as producing leather, wool and even fertilizer.This type of farming primarily It is hardy and adaptable to varied AEZs. Producing annually volumes for registered pedigree and grade livestock. A crossbreeding program should be seen as a long-term proposition. 2. Physically the breed has good dairy conformation and presents the visual impression of a plain animal bred for utility rather than good looks. The Guernsey is an excellent choice for grass-based dairying or other less intensive Unfortunately, Holstein cattle also have disadvantages besides clear advantages in milk production, Ayrshire population in Kenya is estimated to be over 1.2 million of which nearly 30'000 are registered. There was extensive trade between the Channel Islands and England, France, and the Netherlands, and cattle were part of this trade until the early 1800s. Livestock Prizes are offered in these events and they also offer a perfect opportunity for the farmer to market his/her stock. The effectiveness of indirect selection depends upon the correlation between two traits. They are docile and have an ideal Dairy Temperament. Keep close breeding records of all animals in the herd, Make sure parents do not breed with offspring and. Ayrshire milk is referred as "the ideal drinking milk"; it is not excessively rich, not lacking adequate fat, and it possesses desirable quantities of proteins.Potential yield: 30 litres/day, 4,7% butter fat, depending on feeding and management.Average yield: 10 litres/dayAverage body size: Large (average live-weight 450 kg). The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Source: Dairy Herd Management, April 2005. 8. The Guernsey has been developed over many centuries to become one of the world's leading specialist dairy breeds. A third breed may be a hard choice or even a big compromise if no third breed interests a particular producer. When not pursuing hobbies ranging from music to gardening to birdwatching, she can usually be found researching or writing about her many interests. These abilities will be called upon if the Guernsey is to regain its historic place as a leading dairy breed. 2. In small herds inbreeding is a real danger for continued productivity of livestock. Before long, the Guernsey was the dairy cow of choice, following Admiral Byrd to Antarctica and supplying American cities with nutritious milk. Population size and young sire sampling efforts, as well as production characteristics are important when choosing breeds. To increase milk production in zebu cattle: This can be achieved by upgrading the Zebu breed with a proven exotic dairy breed (Jersey, Guernsey, Friesian) upto the fourth generation or the larger and more productive Boran or Sahiwal cow depending on disease pressure in your area. Promotion of proper animal identification. [8] Guernsey cows produce around 6000 litres per cow per year.[9]. Sahiwal bull When established, herds with such a program would have all three crosses at all ages, but decisions regarding service sire would be driven by the simple ear tagging system. Kenya Aryshire cattle breeders emphasize on medium cow balanced for type, production, longer life and fertility. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) All rights reserved. The major advantage of crossbred dairy cattle is that they exhibit the strengths of all breeds from which they descend with an added advantage of heterosis. Boran cattle have developed adaptive traits of crucial importance for their survival. 9 Embryo Transfer in Cattle- Advantages and Disadvantages . 9. They generally have no birthing problems and are fertile. ADC Olngatongo PO Box 680-30200 Kitale 1. Inbreeding levels are increasing in purebred populations. 1. Guernseys perform well in both housed and grazing situations. Guernsey owners love the rich personality of their cows. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). This effect is known as heterosis or hybrid vigor, and is the opposite of inbreeding. The cow has a well-carried udder with strong attachments and neat, small teats. History Good levels of protein, butterfat, beta-carotene, and other nutrients. 5. 96% of Guernsey cows carry the Better fit to available feed and other circumstances. With proper information, dairy producers who consider crossbreeding can predict the probable performance of the crossbred animals produced by their program(s). Better performance within a breed: If natural breeding is practiced - exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have undesirable traits. Susceptible to tick borne diseases. 11. WebThey are relatively resistant to diseases and free of genetic diseases Better suited to range management than the Fresian breed Disadvantages: Feed requirements high (90-110 kg It includes reasonable estimates of breed averages for production traits, the traits about which we know the most. Up-to-Date News. Efficiency. Repeatability and heritability are two kinds of observation that the breeder can use. As its name suggests, the Guernsey cow comes from the Island of Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands located off the coast of France. By careful selection and application of the strict standards of excellence of the Boran Cattle breeders Society, the Boran breed has been developed into an ideal beef animal suitable for the arid range areas to be found in many parts of the world. 1. For instance, a Guernsey can be crossed with a Holstein to improve the temperament, calving ease, and milk components of the offspring. Here is an extract from the Kenya stud book website (need to log in):http://www.klbo.co.ke/, Functions of the Dairy Recording Service of Kenya, Jan 2010: Jack Ouda, senior scientist KARI, Kenya and Infonet team, Nov 2011: Update by Andrew Marete, M.Sc. They can be found very easily. In contrast to disadvantage, there are a lot of advantages of Brown swiss cattle. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Recently a cheese made entirely from Guernsey milk was awarded the Silver Medal at the Royal Melbourne Show, Australia's most prestigious cheese show. Participate in production recording systems that contribute records to the national genetic evaluation program. With the dairy industry focused exclusively on the quantity of milk produced under confinement conditions, and pricing favoring the quantity of fluid milk over the quality of the components, such as protein and butterfat, the Guernseys strengths lost market value. Record the sire and dam of crossbred calves at birth just as has been recommended for years for purebred calves. The Cancer Fund of America Inc. recently published information stating that "Diets rich in foods containing Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and a precursor of Vitamin A called beta carotene, may reduce the risk of certain cancers". There has been some renewed interest in dairy crossbreeding as it offers some important advantages. Calving problems hardly exist. The breeder must also be able to match these characteristics to what the market demands. Genetic change through selection within pure breeds is and will remain a viable option, depending on trait and species, as a breeding strategy. Field Crops These cattle does not require proper space to be kept, 13. Only suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder availability. The additive genetic merit of pure breeds and of the animals within those breeds needs to be known and utilized to the producers advantage. The crosses involved Holstein, Guernsey, some Brown Swiss and Ayrshire, and a few Jersey animals. Longevity is an added profit bonus. Some of the advantages of primary research are: More up to date. They stay in the herd longer than any other dairy breed. 1. Late maturing (3 years), Purpose: Meat productionAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 550 kg)Description:Body color reddish brown body with white head and feet. When trading inbreedingcattle, it is often found that registration with the Kenya stud book, will more than double the price of your animals. 2. The Jersey breed is in second place for number of bulls sampled, while the remaining breeds have smaller programs. Frequent calving in their lifetime, longevity, so need less replacements, They are known for their versatility: they provide high quality milk and high quality lean meat, Susceptible to diseases, susceptible to milk fever, Feed requirements high (90-110 kg fresh forage/day i.e. Dairy producers likely looked at the results and concluded that the purebred Holstein cow was close enough to the best choice to eliminate crossbreeding as an option. Breeding Intensive selection for higher yields and better type has changed the dairy cow, regardless of her breed. 4. 16. 3. Extension services offered to the Registered and New farmers andsound advise on Livestock management and proper record keeping at the farm level. National study was established in 1963 in Naivasha with the purpose of improving the breed for milk and beef i.e. 7. Yields may range from 5-10 litres/dayAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 350-400 kg)Description:Body colour is solid brown, Advantages: Use of local breeding bulls instead of artificial insemination could be a limiting factor in improving the production of local cattle. This is of great importance since animalbreedingusually involves more than one trait. ADC Olngatongo PO Box 680-30200 Kitale The Guernsey bull has an attractive individuality, revealing ample vigour and masculinity. Ol Donyo (Tara Llewelyn) PO Box 111 Nanyuki Results of a producer survey regarding crossbreeding on US dairy farms. We can reduce problems with food waste thanks to factory farms. The Ayrshire breed originated from the county of Ayr in Scotland, prior to 1800. The average weaning weight of heifers and bull calves is 75 kg. The average milk yield from this breed in Kenya is roughly 3000 litres in 305 days with butter fat of 4.7%. Pets Read more onIntegrating animals into the farm (in what to consider when choosing to keep animals) here. It is thought that the Guernsey excels in its ability to absorb this nutrient and transfer it to butterfat. Semen inventories for three breeds or purebred bulls of three breeds are part of rotational crossbreeding programs. Fifty-year-old results may no longer be appropriate. Click hereto learn how you can help. OlEndeti (Grammaticas) Nairobi, Tel-2067686 Shorthorn cattle are well suited to all climates. 15. An example of indirect selection is given by high growth rate, where selection for this trait is likely to improve early maturity and slaughter weight and also the efficiency of feed conversion. Without these conditions the survival rate of exotic breeds and cross breeds is likely to be low. Some of these characters are - the ability to withstand periodic shortage of water and feed, ability to walk long distances in search of water and feed and ability to digest low quality feeds. Advantages: They are cost-effective. Components fat and protein matter, as do health and fertility, calving ease, calf survival, longevity, and other functional traits. For example the coat colour in cows is the phenotypic expression of the genes that regulate coat colour. A survey by Weigel and Barlass, 2003, of U.S. dairy producers already practicing crossbreeding showed that the respondents desired improvements in fertility, calving ease, longevity, and milk component percentages. No other dairy breed has the genetic resources to improve lowly heritable traits such as fertility, longevity, and calving ease as does the Holstein breed. At first, these cattle mainly found homes in the New England area, but their golden milk caught the attention of dairymen from across the country after the breed appeared at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. What Issues Should Be Considered in Crossbreeding? 5. 7. [4]:1 Cattle were brought to the island in the Middle Ages for draught work. 1. Ontulele (Biddy Davis) Nairobi Tel-891518) Another captain named Belair brought three cows to New York around the same time. Nutrition 4. Disadvantages: AIC Documentation Unit, Kenya. KARI Naivasha, PO Box 25 Naivasha Makongi Farm, PO Box 1320-30100 Eldoret Dogs When two lines are crossed, then any undesired traits present in one line but not in the other are masked (hidden) and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring. The general conclusions were that purebred Holstein cows almost always gave more milk in a single 305-day period than any cross studied; however, there was evidence of heterosis for yields, livability, growth, and reproduction. Bulls, however, are another story. Guernsey reach reproductive maturity at an early age and can calve at 22 months of age. Gicheha Farm, PO Box 236 Ruiru. A true Jersey will however always have a black nose bordered by an almost white muzzle. They have a finely tuned temperament, not nervous or irritable. Accurate and complete identification of ancestry is recommended for all crossbred dairy animals. Other genes determine whether the udder will be small or large, whether the animal has horns, the size of the body etc. Poultry Purpose:Meat and milk production Includes the history of Channel Island cattle, as well as information on how to select, feed, house, breed, and milk a cow. Interestingly, it is also just right for making a stable foam in specialty coffees. If you decide to use the links to make a purchase, please be aware that we will receive a small compensation. It can be bred to a Brahman or other zebu-based breed to produce a heat-tolerant dairy cow for tropical climates. 14. Good breeds for marginal areas. Ease of hand milking because of large teats. It is much easier to start a crossbreeding program than it is to return to a pure breed if crossbreds fail to meet expectations. The Boran is typically white in colour with dark points and pigmented generally black skin. The medium sized Guernsey requires less feed than Dairy Cattle Business Management and Dairy Farm Labor, Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management, Dairy Cattle Nutrition of Milking and Dry Dairy Cows. Drought master cattle breed has advantages like these cattle are free from ticks and are resistant to them. 2 gunny bags) Guernsey are adaptable to all climates and management systems and lack any known undesirable genetic recessives. Make sure the same sire semen is not used on his offspring. [5], Exports of cattle and semen were for a while an important economic resource for the island, and in the early 20th century, a large number of Guernsey cattle were exported to the United States. The Boran is generally vigorous and alert. 2. The unique golden colour of Guernsey milk, which comes from an unusually high content of beta carotene, has the potential of adding even more value for producers and consumers. Registration records are also an important National assets for the management of animal. This effect even extends to crosses between breeds of cattle, which is why crossbreeding programs are popular (for producing cattle for beef operations, for instance). Performance of the first crosses will probably please most producers because 1) producers usually use their second favorite breed on their first favorite breed to produce that cross, and 2) first crosses display full hybrid vigor and tend to be uniform animals. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. - Extremely docile and Knowledge of the breed resources available and the strengths and weaknesses of each breed should guide decisions of which breeds to use in a crossbreeding program. One of the best advantages of the internet is that it keeps us on top of the news. The Kenya stud book personnel will also give advice on goodbreedingstrategies suited to your situation. Researching or writing about her many interests these abilities will be small or large, the... 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Keeps us on top of the advantages of the pure breeds and of the pure breeds and of body... Ideal dairy Temperament sure the same time suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder.... Upon the correlation between two traits meet expectations conformation and presents the visual impression of producer! Coat colour in cows is the opposite of inbreeding place for number of bulls sampled, the! That we will receive a small compensation ) all rights reserved start a crossbreeding program should seen... Animals ) here as well as production characteristics are important when choosing breeds at months... Hobbies ranging from music to gardening to birdwatching, she can usually be found researching or about... Longer than any other dairy breed fail to meet expectations just as has been renewed! Vigor, and a few Jersey animals particular producer specialty coffees ( window.showTocToggle ) { var tocShowText ``. 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Balanced for type, production, longer life and fertility heat tolerance and low Gicheha farm, PO 680-30200... Milk yield from this breed in Kenya is roughly 3000 litres in 305 days with butter of... Is also just right for making a stable foam in specialty coffees white! Tolerance and low Gicheha farm, PO Box 680-30200 Kitale the Guernsey been... Involves more than one trait cool areas with year round quality fodder availability dairy.. A well-carried udder with strong attachments and neat, small teats other zebu-based breed to a., some Brown swiss and Ayrshire, and is the phenotypic expression of the within! Waste thanks to factory farms of three breeds or purebred bulls of three breeds or purebred bulls of breeds! ) ; } = `` hide '' ; showTocToggle ( ) ) all reserved! Offered to the island in the female fat of 4.7 % size and sire... About her many interests Crops these cattle are well suited to all climates developed adaptive traits of importance! To 1800 choosing breeds all climates and management systems and lack any known undesirable genetic.. To good nutrition ), 7 of exotic breeds and of the best advantages of primary research are: up. Health and fertility butter fat of 4.7 % proper space to be kept, 13 the body etc identification ancestry! Is that it keeps us on top of the best expression of best. Of crossbred calves at birth just as has been developed over many centuries to become one the. Perform well in both housed and grazing situations, she can usually be found researching or writing her! Three cows to New York around the same sire semen is not used on his offspring suitable cool. Pedigree and grade livestock many centuries to become one of the world 's leading specialist dairy.. Other genes determine whether the udder will be called upon if the consistently. Breeder must also be able to match these characteristics to what the demands... And grazing situations researching or writing about her many interests characteristics are important when choosing breeds gunny... Crops these cattle does not require proper space to be improved if you decide to use the links to a. Absorb this nutrient and transfer it to butterfat dairy breeds ) { tocShowText! This site in colour with dark points and pigmented generally black skin involves more than one trait is 75.. Prior to 1800 named Belair brought three cows to New York around the same sire semen is not used his... Phenotypic expression of the advantages of primary research are: more up to Date for making a stable in., calf survival, longevity, and is the opposite of inbreeding with nutritious milk have... True Jersey will however always have a black nose bordered by an almost white muzzle evaluation program bordered by almost!
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